APPENDIX II-BU: Communities Who Do NOT Use Adulticides to Control Mosquitoes: Appendix C to “
This appendix is copied from:
http://skipper.physics.sunysb.edu/mosquito/Appendix/AppendixC‑07‑2.htm
Appendix C – Revised - January 2007
Additions to the report: West
Nile Virus and Mosquito Control Practices http://skipper.physics.sunysb.edu/mosquito
This Appendix C - Revised is an update of the
December 2002 report. The revision contains recently added jurisdictions
marked (07) and includes updated URL links to web sources
The appendix shows jurisdictions recently found to be using non-spray
adulticide policies and significant spray
restrictions, combined with a variety of non-toxic alternatives, compiled
from web sources.
The final page shows a composite list, which encompasses
both the recent and previously reported
non-spray jurisdictions. You may refer
to the full December 2002 report to review further details: http://skipper.physics.sunysb.edu/mosquito
Detailed descriptions
Health officials ready for mosquito
season
Mark Linda, a
http://www.wcfcourier.com/articles/2005/06/02/news/metro/f45418bcb3ca07a48625701400467741.txt
Larviciding throughout
From the year
2000 to date,
“Tires can
accumulate small pools of water where adult mosquitoes will lay their eggs.
Over the course of one breeding season,
thousands of mosquitoes can be generated
from just one tire.”
The county also promotes the removal of standing water, keeping rain gutters free of leaves, and maintaining swimming pools with filtration and pool chlorination.
http://inside.binghamton.edu/news/nn.cgi?issue=2003aug28 http://www.gobroomecounty.com/press/051004h.php
http://www.gobroomecounty.com/press/071706h.php
Does
No! Adulticide chemicals
are not used. The Town uses a biological larvicide
called “Bactimos” (Bti) to
treat mosquito breeding grounds that contain mosquito larvae. Mosquito larvae
eat the Bti and die as the enzymes destroy the
mosquito larvae. However, Bti does not affect
humans, fish, plants or other aquatic wildlife.
http://www.townofchapelhill.org/index.asp?NID=391#chemicals
The program's mosquito control philosophy is a preventive,
long term one whereby they interfere or stop the mosquito's life cycle before
the bugs become biting adults capable of transmitting disease and creating
community nuisances. Public education activities and extensive larviciding are performed, providing treatment or
elimination of standing water capable of supporting mosquito populations.
Extensive larviciding
The
"Breaking
the breeding cycle of mosquitoes early in the season means fewer mosquitoes
will survive to reproduce," said Jorge Arias, PhD, supervisor of the
county's
In
the history of
Publicity
for removal of standing water, in seven languages:
The
Health Department has produced educational materials in seven languages -
Chinese, English, Korean, Spanish, Vietnamese, Farsi and Urdu - to inform
residents about simple steps they can take to help reduce mosquito populations
around their homes. The materials can be downloaded from the Health Dept’s
http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/hd/westnile/wnvpamp.htm
http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/service/hd/westnile/wnvmosqcontrol.htm
Voters
asked to renew mosquito tax for larviciding
(07)
Funds from
the mosquito tax will continue funding the town’s contract with Advanced
Pest Management to spray larvicide in catch
basins, and near swampy and wooded areas to prevent mosquitoes from
reproducing. The mosquito tax is nothing new to Fowlerville residents who
had previously renewed the tax four years ago. At least four
http://web.wxyz.com/vote2006/electionresults-local.html
What
You Should Know About
Health District sanitarians
use the “dunks” type of larvicide and residents are
also instructed how to use them. Their public information program
includes brochures from the South West Area Regional Mosquito Task Force
(SWARM). “Drain, Dunk and Protect” is their slogan for handling standing
water, and personal protection steps.
http://www.hamiltoncountyhealth.org/about/divisions/envhlth/wnv.htm
Champaign Public Works Website, & News Article
Towns declare war on
mosquitoes
The University and seven
http://www.ci.champaign.il.us/public_works/index.php
http://www.news-gazette.com/localnews/story.cfm?Number=16349
“Taking the bite out of the lake”
May. 25,
2005
Crews
battling mosquito larvae on Lake Norman for Duke Power know that the lake's
biggest mosquito problems don't come from the lake, but from standing water in
boats, birdbaths, planters and puddles on the shore. Those areas get treated
with a larvicide called Bacillus thuringiensis
israelensis, or BTI (when the standing water can’t be
emptied). Extensive testing has shown BTI to be nontoxic for humans,
posing no threat to wildlife and the environment. The crews also clear
the lake of bait cups and other debris that can trap water and breed
mosquitoes. One member of the crew said, "Everybody else calls it
trash, we call it (mosquito) source reduction." The program started
in 1923, (82 years ago) said Ken Manuel, the Duke Power scientist who oversees
the program.
Charlotte
Observer, click
on Advanced Search of Archives, (to find & purchase the
article) http://www.charlotte.com/mld/charlotte/archives/
Historic Note: Early larviciding methods
employed in Panama in 1904-1905 enabled construction of the Panama
Canal to proceed, bringing malaria and yellow fever under control. This led
the Americans to succeed in building the canal, while prior efforts by the
French had failed.
“Sanitary workers scoured the canal area looking for water sources where mosquitoes could breed. By spraying a thin film of oil on the water’s surface, they smothered any mosquito larvae that might be living there.”
Reference Smithsonian Library: http://www.sil.si.edu/Exhibitions/Make-the-Dirt-Fly/bugwar.html
In contrast to the crude oil used in those early days,
today’s larvicides are virtually non-toxic and are
environmentally friendly. The other activities for sanitation, clean-ups of
standing water, installing window screens, etc. then employed in Panama are the
same basic prevention methods used today.
Spraying
banned by Ordinances
These
two cities banned the spraying of pesticides (adulticides)
to control mosquitoes in July, ‘03 and in June ‘04, respectively. Instead
of spraying, they are advising residents to eliminate standing water, the
breeding ground for mosquitoes. The Lyndhurst City Council noted: “the
more effective way of controlling the mosquito populations is by larvicide treatment and thorough education....” And
also that, “the dangers of WNV are minimal and affect a very
small segment of the population . . , [however] that the long-term health and
environmental risks of spraying with synthetic pesticides poses a much
greater risk.”
Shaker
Heights and Chagrin Falls, Ohio have also chosen not to have pesticide
spray trucks spraying their neighborhoods.
http://www.beyondpesticides.org/news/daily_news_archive/2004/07_13_04.htm
To Spray or Not To Spray?
(07)
Metroparks has taken the
position not to spray pesticides to kill adult mosquitoes. The park
system’s policy is based on several studies indicating that the chemicals used
in adulticides, include hormone disrupters,
neurotoxins and possible carcinogens, are not only toxic to mosquitoes, but can
also harm humans, wildlife (especially aquatics like fish and amphibians) and
plants.
To regulate the mosquito populations
without spraying, Metroparks uses a biological
control
larvicide, Bti, Note: The MetroPark
system includes 11
parks totaling over 9,000-acres
http://www.metroparkstoledo.com/metroparks/archives/display.asp?id=47
Taking action to prevent
The Mayor of Milford, James Richetelli knows the mosquito problem first-hand. As a
teenager he had a job spraying for them. He recently stated to News
Channel 8: "Things have changed a lot since then. Back then we sprayed. We
don't do that anymore. We treat the marshes." The town hires All
Habitat Services to spread larvacide in places where
water collects. Milford Health Director Dennis McBride said "Real
mosquito control takes place at the larval stage. The point is to get them
before they get in the air." The city used to spray years ago, but
spraying has since become politically and environmentally incorrect.
"This
is more effective than spraying," McBride added. And residents need
to check and empty standing water around their own property for the program to
be successful, officials said.
http://www.wtnh.com/Global/story.asp?S=3372990&nav=3YeXa7U9
News Channel 8
http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?BRD=1347&dept_id=432990&newsid=14585735&PAG=461&rfi=9 Milford
Mirror
Porter council decides to forego mosquito spraying
The
Porter Town Council decided Tuesday night that the risks of spraying to
eliminate mosquitoes that carry West Nile virus outweigh any benefits.
Council member Jennifer Granat said the best method
for now is education - making sure homeowners keep their property and gutters
free of stagnant pools where the insects breed, frequently refilling birdbaths
and keeping water in ornamental ponds clean, filtered and circulating.
Councilman Mike Liebert said he had talked with two
Illinois towns about their results with spraying. "It just doesn't work,"
he said. Granat also said that Chesterton,
Ind. and many other area communities have chosen not to spray. "The
pesticides don't discriminate between the good insects and the bad
insects," she said.
http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives/
Search 2003 for “Porter mosquito spraying” (to find & purchase the
article)
Treatments to stop mosquito larvae again funded for 2006
Tecumseh Township is funding a mosquito control program with Advanced Pest Management again this year. They will be treating (in dry
form only, no spraying) the standing waters. This form of treatment is to stop the larva from developing.
This year’s
program is scheduled to begin as early as 4/14/2006 and will run through the
summer and early fall months. If
you have standing water on your property for over 7 days and you would like
this treated please call direct to Advance Pest Management at the
following number: 877-276-4714 (toll free). There is no additional cost to any
resident.
http://www.tecumsehtownship.org/public_notices.html
Most
municipalities in Washtenaw County did no adult mosquito spraying
(07)
Many
municipalities, including universities participated in the larvicide
efforts, and most municipalities in the County “did not do any adult
mosquito spraying.”
Programs
with significant spray restrictions:
City says mass-fogging in
neighborhoods is a bad idea
(07)
Eight reasons are discussed to
explain why the spraying of adulticides is a bad
idea. Some of these are:
< Spraying is the least-effective measure, as acknowledged by the
CDC;
< Natural predators of the mosquitoes are harmed, leading to more abundance
of mosquitoes;
< Adverse environmental effects, including water contamination, fish kills,
birds sickened or killed especially their babies, beneficial
insects killed, honey-bees, dragon flies, etc;
< Human health impacts, both immediate and long-term. The most
vulnerable groups include
pregnant women, the elderly, those with asthma, cancer and immuno-supressed
individuals.
The City’s efforts are aimed at
source control and reducing standing water. Larvicide
blocks and dunks are applied to standing waters by city employees. Citizens are
encouraged to purchase
mosquito dunks from local businesses. Educational
materials (in English and Spanish) promote the steps for personal protection
and draining standing water in back yards. Grants of $200 are given to
neighborhood associations to reimburse the costs of draining or treating
standing waters with dunks. Note: Fogging is done only with hand-held
units restricted to small areas such as culverts.
http://www.bryantx.gov/departments/?name=citysec_westnile#2
Catch
basins are treated with larvicides in areas with high
populations of senior citizens. The county recommends use of Dunks, and
provides pick up of scrap tires to eliminate them as breeding sources.
Homeowner check-lists and brochures are part of their public information
program. The county’s policy restricts spraying to be done only if
there were an epidemic and an extreme rate of
http://www.co.fulton.ga.us/Fulton_County/departments/Fulton_County_FAQ___West_Nile_Virus.pdf
Programs
in other countries:
Eliminating breeding grounds, as advance preparation
for 2008 Olympics
Professor
Tongyan Zhao of the Beijing Institute of Microbiology
and Epidemiology said that with a series of measures and persuading
people to be aware of mosquito-breeding grounds, the number of insects can be
reduced without pesticides. In addition to a program for
eliminating the usual wet areas in neighborhoods and businesses such as tire
and recycling facilities, they are adopting a practice of removing the roots
after cutting bamboo to correct a local source of water-holding receptacles
that breed mosquitoes.
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20050407/BCMOSQ07/TPNational/Canada
Prevention:
Anti-mosquito efforts stepped up
From
January to April, a number of weekly anti-mosquito and clean-up operations were
conducted to remove potential mosquito breeding grounds. And today operations
were stepped-up. Staff was supplemented by contractors’ workers taking
part. These operations include clearing stagnant water, filling tree holes and
bamboo stumps, and removing debris. For any stagnant water that could not
be eliminated immediately, larvicidal oil is applied
to control mosquito larvae.
http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/healthandcommunity/050528/html/050528en05004.htm
http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/ppr_release_det.php?pd=20040619&ps=06
A
Natural Larvicide (Mesocyclops)
Professor
Brian Kay (
Lancet Newswise
(registration required)
http://thanhniennews.com/healthy/?catid=8&newsid=6905
NON-SPRAY JURISDICTIONS
COMPOSITE LIST
January, 2007
Below
is the composite list of jurisdictions found to be using non-spray adulticide policies and significant spray
restrictions, combined with a variety of non-toxic alternatives, compiled
from web sources.
The composite list encompasses both the recent and
previously reported non-spray jurisdictions.
New jurisdictions added are marked below as (07). URL’s
have been updated for the (05) listings and links should all be
currently available. You may refer to the December 2002
report to see detailed descriptions of the one’s marked (02). The
URL is: http://skipper.physics.sunysb.edu/mosquito
Listed
alphabetically:
47 communities in Anne Arundel Cnty, Md.
(02)
Atlanta area, Fulton County,
Catawba,
Champaign, Illinois
(05)
Charlotte,
Fulton County, Atlanta area,
Hamilton County, Cincinnati area,
Homer,
Illinois (05)
Mahomet,
Illinois (05)
MetroParks,
Porter, Indiana (05)
Savoy,
Illinois (05)
Urbana,
Illinois (05)
In Other Countries:
“